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I believe Northern Italy, was north of the James Madison Dukes Defeated Western Kentucky Hilltoppers To Win 2024 Boca Raton Bowl Champions NCAA shirt besides I will buy this Rubicon, the official border of Italy. Hence why crossing the Rubicon with an army was such a big deal fo Caesar. In order to secure electoral vicotry, Caesar turned the region (I believe it was called Trans Alpine Gaul) officially as a part of Italy, thus Roman citizens. And those citizens out of gratitude would vote for Caesar. It was also a means of placating his soldiers, many of whom were from the area. So they would continue to fight for him out of gratitude, and that their pensions (land) could be from taht area. Yes, pretty much. North of the Rubicon was not Italy, but Cisalpine Gaul (Gaul on this side of the Alps). I think Caesar made them full citizens, but it was Octavian who incorporated the region into Italy proper, it being a province before that.

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Even during the James Madison Dukes Defeated Western Kentucky Hilltoppers To Win 2024 Boca Raton Bowl Champions NCAA shirt besides I will buy this Middle Ages the south part of italy was quite rich. Especially during the Norman Kingdom the South was one of richest areas in the Mediterranean. I mean it IS surprising. The whole point of this TIL is that wealth and power was concentrated in Rome in the back then but became a second tier city. The wealth of Northern Italy didn’t start to separate itself from the rest of the peninsula until the late Middle Ages. There is a shit ton of history between when Rome began to decline and when Northern Italy became the economic center we know it as. It certainly wasn’t always the case. The Po valley used to be a backwater. Coastal cities were the big economic engines for much of antiquity. Rome being so far inland was far more significant than how far down the boot it is. Venice would likely be so powerful regardless of it’s latitude as long as it was a coastal city. Two sackings, the collapse of their empire, and becoming just a city with the rise of the more northern cities like Milan and Venice, where people flocked to.
Collapse of the James Madison Dukes Defeated Western Kentucky Hilltoppers To Win 2024 Boca Raton Bowl Champions NCAA shirt besides I will buy this empire includes the all-important Egypt. Without grain from Egypt, Rome literally cannot survive. There’s no other suitable grain source available, let alone one that’s close enough to the ocean to make it shippable to Rome. It’s one of the things that has Aurelian march east against Zenobia rather than solving the Gallic Empire problem right on his doorstep (and I’m sure there’s other times it comes up as well, Aurelian is just in my mind right now) Yeah, that’s a very good point. In the republic era and early empire they had a robust irrigation and agriculture network connected by trade that made them quite food resilient, but it also meant population was able to outgrow sustainable numbers for the region, turning that strength into a weakness. Without grain from Egypt, populations had become too large to feed themselves.

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The breadbaskets of Crimea/Ukraine and Mesopotamia would also become important late into the James Madison Dukes Defeated Western Kentucky Hilltoppers To Win 2024 Boca Raton Bowl Champions NCAA shirt besides I will buy this empire and in the Eastern Roman/Byzantine Empire. Though, Mesopotamia never really paid off because of the constant wars over the region, making it instead a drain on the empire (And if egypt is cut off, you’re likely not getting access to Mesopotamia either, so it doesn’t solve the problem). Crimea was more successful, though they never quite secured that region either. And defense of the region would be too challenging to really properly expand into Ukraine. The steppes would be a constant vulnerability that Romans were not suited to fighting in. When it was the seat of the Roman Republic and Early Empirer the rich people would live there to get influence. Because they lived there a lot of wealth and food was directed there from their estates through out the Empirer. Latter the capital moved and so did the rich, so there was less trade and less wealth directed there, so it started to decline. Then there were wars, plagues and the fall of the western part of the Roman Empirer.
During this time it was pretty much the James Madison Dukes Defeated Western Kentucky Hilltoppers To Win 2024 Boca Raton Bowl Champions NCAA shirt besides I will buy this pope who keept the city feed through the lands he owned in the Eastern Roman Empirer. The pope was one of several patriarchs, but he slowly became the most importent. In part because he was outside the Emperors influence in Rome. So many church officials moved to Rome, despite it being a pretty unsafe place and the city slowly grew again. The Emperor tried to reign in the Pope, but the Pope pretty much ignored him. He was able to do so, because by now he pretty much ruled Rome and there were no other parts of the Eastern Empirer close by. Every time this happened, the Emperor confiscated more and more of the Popes land. So the Pope had almost no land left in the Eastern Empirer and had a hard time feeding the population of Rome, so he asked a barbarian, but christian king for help against the other barbarians. The barbarian king came to his aid and the Pope crowned him Emperor of the Western Roman Empirer and thus was the Holy Roman Empirer born. It was made up of the lands that would now be France, northen Itally, Holland, Belgium, Switzerland, western Germany and Austria.
When the James Madison Dukes Defeated Western Kentucky Hilltoppers To Win 2024 Boca Raton Bowl Champions NCAA shirt besides I will buy this first Emperor of the Holy Roman Empirer died, the pope at the time tried to get his sons to promise him a big part of Italy. He used a false letter that claimed that the Emperor constantined who had lived some 500 years before had done the same. The Western Emperor refused to give the pope new land, but acknowledge the popes right to rule Rome. Of course all of this lead to the Emperor in the East confiscating more and more land from the pope and now that Rome was no longer part of the Eastern Roman Empirer it saw even less trade than before and less religious officials went there. On top of that there was a lot of internal struggle in Rome, since the different roman noble families struggled with each other to be elected Pope as to rule Rome. The population of Rome feel to it lowest during this time. To some 30.000.
The tension the James Madison Dukes Defeated Western Kentucky Hilltoppers To Win 2024 Boca Raton Bowl Champions NCAA shirt besides I will buy this Eastern Roman Emperor and the Pope became to big and the Pope had so little land left in the Easter Empirer that it did really not matter. This lead to tje east/west schism and christianity broke into two. The Catholic and the Ortodox church. There would be another sacking of Rome by the Normans, but the schism pretty much ment that Rome would slowly rise up again. Being rebuild trough the money of the church tithe and grow because of the many pilgrims going there from the catholic world. The people of Rome would try to make the city a republic several times and to have elected officials that ran the city, but the pope was to powerfull and in the end he always ended up controlling the city. Latter popes would use the false letter from Constantine to expanded their rule and conquer neighboring land and cities and thus the Papal State was born. Other people responding to you are bringing up events/circumstances relatively close to the Fall of Rome what with all the “barbarian” invasions.
But it’s overlooking the James Madison Dukes Defeated Western Kentucky Hilltoppers To Win 2024 Boca Raton Bowl Champions NCAA shirt besides I will buy this fact that Rome’s population had been steadily declining for centuries at that point. General political and socio-economic instability from the 3rd Century onward for hundreds of years on end really took a toll on the city. The collapse of Mediterranean trade (and therefore food and wealth) after the Vandals took Roman North Africa. Led to cascading other problems. the Gothic war between 535-554 did the most damage to Italy especially the urban centre’s. With cities like Milan and Rome sacked. well being sacked a bunch of times probably left the place in ruins for perpetuity. and Italians are not a continuation of Rome. they were the barbarians that settled into Roman lands and divided Rome into city states. which later, much much later, developed into a nation. The Romans are long gone, their people mixed into the ones who moved in from past the Alps, their culture stopped being practiced and even their language was dead a long time ago.
I can’t wrap my head around the James Madison Dukes Defeated Western Kentucky Hilltoppers To Win 2024 Boca Raton Bowl Champions NCAA shirt besides I will buy this idea of keeping a million people fed in one place without mechanized agriculture. Rome (the city) was importing grain (and distributing it for free or at subsidized prices to its poor citizens) from distant Mediterranean breadbaskets like Sicily and Egypt. It was a pretty titanic demonstration of Rome’s impressive state capacity. Just the sheer daily logistics is mental. Quick google tells me you need about 1/2 a kilo of grain for a loaf of bread. This estimate says that the free grain distribution alone was 630 tons, and it is believed to account for less than a third of total grain consumption… so that would require a total import of over 2000 tons. Caligula’s Ship which weighed 7400 tonnes in Ancient Rome is the largest ship I can find. As for carrying capacity I’m not sure. It is also important to remember that these ships would have probably not made the journey in a single day, requiring very calculated estimates to figure out how many were required and the potential effect of even slight delays. Well, in ancient times they wouldn’t have been relying on just-in-time delivery. Cities would have some stockpiles of grain that would help to tide them over for a while, in case of siege, poor harvests, or shipping delays. 5 ships per day, every day, constantly for tens of years still sounds insane. That’s just the ships carrying grain too
Rome had a lot of advanced machinery and infrastructure that wouldn’t be equalled until just a couple centuries ago. Even things like hot tap water in private homes. And of course the James Madison Dukes Defeated Western Kentucky Hilltoppers To Win 2024 Boca Raton Bowl Champions NCAA shirt besides I will buy this road network which went in straight, efficient lines like modern highways, through tunnels and over massive bridges(some of which are still in use), making food transport fast and easy. It really wasnt that centralized tho. Many subdivisions of the provinces had varying degrees of autonomy, each having a different contract with Rome. Emperor Vespasian famously despised innovation and machines to improve labor efficiency beleiving they weren’t a good idea because then what the hell would they do with all the slaves. This was also larger than any single city in China at the time, and would remain so for several hundred years after the fact, when Chang’an reached that mark during the early T’ang dynasty (~AD 700). Sources aren’t spectacular at this point in time, but generally it was the capitol of China or the ‘capitol’ of the Islamic world (usually Baghdad) that held the title of most populous for most of the time following until London firmly grasped it around 1800.
Changan is not really an ideal location for a large city with huge population. It’s far inland surrounded by mountains on all sides. The climate is harsh and not good for farming. It was however very good at defending against attack from … China. Basically if a peasant rebellion happens from the James Madison Dukes Defeated Western Kentucky Hilltoppers To Win 2024 Boca Raton Bowl Champions NCAA shirt besides I will buy this more fertile populous central regions of China, they would have to go through various choke points and mountain passes just to get to Changan to kill the emperor. This was what happened during the An Lushan rebellion, the rebels initially succeeded and defeated the Tang armies but stalled and couldn’t breach the defense of Changan, the Tang dynasty regrouped and eventually defeated the rebels. For most of its history, the Han dynasty maintained two capitals, Luoyang which was closer to the central plain of China and much more populous; and Changan, which I guess is their version of Helm’s Deep.
Chang’an is a good location from which to defend both from the James Madison Dukes Defeated Western Kentucky Hilltoppers To Win 2024 Boca Raton Bowl Champions NCAA shirt besides I will buy this rest of China, and to defend the rest of China from the area formerly known as the Liang province. Like you said, this area is composed of an area called the Ordos loop, which is a branch of the Yellow River that forms a signature ‘block’ area. (It’s quite noticeable on a map of the area. Xi’an is the modern day site of Chang’an.) To the north it is next to the Wei river, a major tributary of the Yellow River, and to the south and west and northwest it is dry, arid land. To the east are a number of mountain passes that are easily defensible, meaning that whomever controls Chang’an controls a very good position; the Liang province is also the area from which the Qin conquered the rest of the Warring States and founded China as we know it. Further down the Wei you come towards Luoyang, which is itself pretty defensible, but Chang’an was majorly important; it’s probably the most defensible position along the Chinese part of the Silk Road, meaning it has a rich trading history, and can defend China from the Western steppe nomads, or defend itself from China’s prosperous northern plains. Overall, the city was very important to multiple dynasties, meaning it’s had a rich history.
From the James Madison Dukes Defeated Western Kentucky Hilltoppers To Win 2024 Boca Raton Bowl Champions NCAA shirt besides I will buy this Three Kingdoms era, famous people from there include Dong Zhuo, Lu Bu and Ma Chao; the area was famous for its horsemen. India as a concept didn’t really exist. What is now modern India was a large collection of kingdoms, city-states and various levels of smaller governmental forms of organization, with varying forms of religious belief, language and ethnicity competing with one another for control of the sub-continent. Prior to the arrival of the British, India was home to many massive cities, but they were usually rivals, with many of the empires covering what would today be other countries. One of the reasons China succeeded so well was because of an emphasis not just on good governance, but on treating governance as a science. The highest level of bureaucrat in China was called a Mandarin, and the annual service exams to qualify as a Mandarin were brutal; oftentimes, there would be 50 000+ applicants and only 10 or so being accepted, with questions along the lines of “Write a poem of 10 stanzas comparing and contrasting the tax policies of Emperor Wen of Han and the Shijianguo Emperor”. These university level examinations existed since at least the early T’ang dynasty, but I’m not certain for just how much longer. The period of 184-~600 was also an era of major, major upheaval in China, so the political structure wasn’t really stable for the time from Rome’s ascendance in the ~200s until Chang’an reached one million in ~700.
My understanding is that the James Madison Dukes Defeated Western Kentucky Hilltoppers To Win 2024 Boca Raton Bowl Champions NCAA shirt besides I will buy this examinations became more important after the Tang and were a key component of societal organisation (to advance social class you would study) all the way to the end of the empire. It probably plays a role in the education/examination focused psyche of Confucian influenced East Asian countries. The examinations began in the Zhou dynasty, which ended in the 250s B.C. There were examinations in this system, but the candidates were mostly high-ranking nobility. The move to the stricter examinations began in about 500ish during the Sui dynasty, who were a short-lived, kinda brutal dynasty that was followed by the T’ang. Due to the immense importance of the Mandarins, and the search for excellent candidates, it was possible for a more minor noble to ascend based on ability alone, but the exams were brutal enough that for all intents and purposes you still had to come from money to be able to afford all the studying and tutoring necessary to stand a chance.
I kind of wish we would institute exams for our politicians. If you can’t pass a basic history, political science, and legal test, you can’t run. Maybe a psychological test, too, so we can weed out the James Madison Dukes Defeated Western Kentucky Hilltoppers To Win 2024 Boca Raton Bowl Champions NCAA shirt besides I will buy this sociopaths. Requiring a test for elected officials sounds nice but whoever decided the test would be the kingmakers and have a lot of control over candidates. Before the British, there were multiple empires that conquered and administrated most of the subcontinent: Maurya, Gupta, Delhi sultanate, Mughals, Maratha. Amazing new evidence of ancient American cities with high populations over sustained periods of time. Can’t remember but I think it’s estimated well over a million. That is a very difficult question… I’ve probably put equal time into Civ III, IV, and V with their max expansions. Never got around to spending time with VI cause life gets in the way these days. I think V is my favorite out of the Civ games I’ve thoroughly played, though. I think it was getting rid of doomstacks and 1 unit per hex (not to mention hexes are infinitely superior to square-tile maps) that really did it for me. The balance was definitely better one they mad ethe change. However, Baba Yetu will never be replaced as the best Civ song lol Nah, in Civ III Greeks would absolutely dominate the early game with Hoplites. And getting ahead early pays off in the long-term.
I’ve been to Chichen Itza big fan of your work. Great job on the James Madison Dukes Defeated Western Kentucky Hilltoppers To Win 2024 Boca Raton Bowl Champions NCAA shirt besides I will buy this really steep steps. Those must have been pretty tough. More specifically, it’s thought that Rome’s population reached 1 million in the second century AD during the rule of the Atonines. Looking at pics of that 3D model project, I was “Why the hell does this look like total shit?” Then I noticed it’s from 2007. Correct me if I’m wrong but the city was also only 13 sq miles in size, so it was incredibly densely populated as well. A lot of that population were slaves, I wonder how much the population would have been if there was no slavery. I fucking love all things Roman and everything they were able to do all those years ago. The fall of Rome is even more fascinating. I love thinking about what life would be like in Rome day to day at it’s peak. Nothing I would ever want but it had to be amazing The distinction of a capital in Europe is interesting because I’m sure cities other than direct seats of power wouldn’t be that large either. one of the cool aspects of Stargate was the notion that past civilizations ventured onto other worlds and became more advanced. imagine if rome didn’t fall. Bradford DeLong estimates the city’s population at 400,000 around 1000 AD,[10] while estimates from other historians range from 100,000 to 1,000,000 during the same era.[43] Imagine how much regular people suffered? I mean, it’s impossible to even fathom. Considering today regular people have it absolutely macabre, at that point in time, it was probably nothing short of hell. Rome famously had free bread / grain during the height of its power. Also famously good sanitation, baths, running water, entertainment. The wealth of the Mediterranean centred on one focal point, and it was in the interest of the ruling class to keeps the mobs just happy enough. Most certainly better to have been a (free) person in Rome than a city of any size in Europe for a millennia or more.
I think that’s just a modern lens — a projection of what you value placed onto people who don’t have the James Madison Dukes Defeated Western Kentucky Hilltoppers To Win 2024 Boca Raton Bowl Champions NCAA shirt besides I will buy this same things. If you value comfort, convenience and knowledge — then people who don’t have these things will be less happy and have a tougher life. For one, the Vedas (which date back to around 1800BC) teach that mankind is naturally full of joy. That sadness and difficulty of course exist, but that mankind is naturally and most commonly joyful. This is writing from jungle-dwellers without anything that we have today. It could be that the means to joy are animalistic things that evolved as part of nature, only to atrophy with things like comfort and convenience — that we actually become less happy as we are pessimistic towards how we feel about ourselves as we are forever more reliant on external things for distraction and joy.
My point is that with family, friends, shelter, food — I have no doubt that many Romans lived perfectly happy lives. Maybe much happier than many around us today. Yeah. I’m thrilled to have been born at a place/point in history where I don’t wake up and wonder if I’ll end the James Madison Dukes Defeated Western Kentucky Hilltoppers To Win 2024 Boca Raton Bowl Champions NCAA shirt besides I will buy this day sold into slavery. Gotta be grateful for that. Are you implying mass death? Usually a city collapses due to people leaving because the city isn’t able to support them anymore, not because of a mass death situation. It was mostly shoddy multi storey apartments over a 13sq mile area according to some comment. Cities mostly couldn’t grow larger than reasonable walking distance until the 19th century It is truly amazing (and becomes more amazing the more you read about it) how absolutely incredible ancient Rome (and to some lesser extent other ancient civilizations) was, and how much was lost and not regained for a thousand years after its collapse. You always hear this meme that the moniker “dark ages” is totally inaccurate and that the middle ages were actually not that bad at all, but honestly, I feel it gets overused and people forget that there is quite a bit of truth at its core. European civilization regressed on so many metrics, it could almost be called a post-apocalyptic society. The Franks thought they were clever with their “invention” of feudalism, which allowed them to nominally “control” a comparably large realm even though their population didn’t really have the education and literacy levels required for a true “imperial-style” administrative bureaucracy. After all, what’s the harm in sending cousin Louis to administer that faraway duchy in the king’s name? That way we don’t need to pay for this expensive postal system to constantly send riders and reports back and forth! Oh wait, cousin Louis suddenly isn’t sending us taxes anymore? And he has raised his own army in “his” lands which is only loyal to him? Well, shit… but oh look, he says all he wants is that we promise to give his kid the same “administrator” job after he dies, and if we agree to that he’ll play ball again. Easily done! I’m sure this isn’t gonna come back to haunt us…

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1. Length is measured from the highest point on the collar down to the bottom hem. 2. Width is measured across the body of the shirt under the armpits, one way. 3. Sleeves are measured from center back to hem.